Islamic Revivalism and Anti-Colonial Resistance in 19th-Century Africa

Abstract

This study examines the intersection of Islamic revivalism and anti-colonial resistance in 19th-century Africa through a comparative analysis of the Mahdist and Senussi movements. Drawing on extensive historical documentation and scholarly works, the research investigates how these movements balance religious reformation with political resistance against European colonial powers. The study reveals that while both movements emerged from similar desires for Islamic purification and social justice, they developed distinct approaches to achieving their goals. The Senussi movement established a decentralized network of educational and social welfare institutions (zawiya), emphasizing gradual reform and sustained resistance through community development. In contrast, the Mahdist movement pursued direct military confrontation and established a centralized Islamic state, achieving initial success but ultimately succumbing to internal divisions and British colonial forces. The research demonstrates that these movements' different organizational structures and strategies significantly influenced their longevity and legacy: the Senussi movement's institutional approach contributed to Libya's eventual independence, while the Mahdist state's more militant stance, despite its shorter duration, left an enduring impact on Sudanese nationalist consciousness. This analysis contributes to our understanding of how Islamic revivalist movements adapted to local conditions while pursuing both spiritual renewal and political autonomy in the face of colonial expansion.